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What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

Alzheimer’s is a form of dementia that causes memory loss and cognitive impairment. Dementia refers to a loss of cognitive abilities, problems with remembering, and struggles with daily life and activities. Dementia isn’t considered a normal part of aging, even though many older adults do experience symptoms.

Alzheimer’s is a progressive disease that gets worse with time. Alzheimer’s may start out with some mild memory loss, and in later stages it can become difficult for the patient to communicate and function.

No approved cures for Alzheimer’s currently exist, but there are options to treat the symptoms. Medications called cholinesterase inhibitors are typically prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. These drugs may help reduce some symptoms and help control some behavioral symptoms. 

How Might Cannabis Help? 

When you use cannabis, cannabinoids make their way to the bloodstream attaching themselves to the endocannabinoid system’s (ECS) cannabinoid receptors, CB1, and CB2. In the brain, these receptors are concentrated in neurons associated with memory, thinking, and coordination. Research suggests that when THC binds to the CB receptors, it may affect aging brains. Its apparent ability to help the body remove amyloid-beta accumulation is massive news for Alzheimer’s patients. Cannabis, or is thought to have the ability to remove clumps of amyloid-beta protein (a toxic component that builds up like a plaque in the brains of Alzheimer’s patients) from the brain. 

According to current research, medical marijuana may play a part in disrupting the neurodegenerative process that drives the disease’s progression. A 2019 review of current research on dementia aimed to understand current trends. The study summarized findings that the CBD components of cannabis might be useful to treat and prevent Alzheimer’s. CBD is suspected to be able to suppress the main causal factors of Alzheimer’s. Research further suggested that using CBD and THC together could be more useful than using CBD or THC alone (entourage effect).

In another recent study by the National Library of Medicine, researchers found that CBD has potential as a therapy to help curb cognitive decline and alleviate some Alzheimer’s symptoms. They looked at the protein interleukin 33 (IL-33) and found that at high levels, it has been linked to beta-amyloid buildup, a biomarker of Alzheimer’s. The TREM-2 protein, encoded by the TREM-2 gene, is also linked to the neurodegenerative disease. Certain mutations in TREM2 strongly increase risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s. According to the study authors, research suggests that both the IL-33 and TREM-2 proteins are affected by CBD in a way that helps brain cell communication. 

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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

AKA: Lou Gehrig’s Disease

This disease is a degenerative, neurological disease that attacks the central nervous system, which includes the brain and the spinal cord.  The cause of ALS is not fully understood but some research would point to a few origins including gene mutation, unusual immune responses and even chemical imbalance. Smoking or toxic environmental exposure may cause ALS symptoms to begin. The symptoms of ALS include fine and gross motor skill issues such as difficulty with walking, muscle weakness, difficulty swallowing and increased risk of falling. ALS does not have a known cure.  

How can Medical Marijuana Help Patients with ALS?

Clinical evidence presented in 2004, 2010, and 2015 have shown that medical marijuana can reduce symptoms of ALS by stimulating appetite, reducing pain and relaxing muscles. In addition, the 2010 study showed Medical Marijuana to be a powerful antioxidant with anti-inflammatory effects. This means that it has neuroprotective results and may even prolong neuronal cell life span. 

Autism

Autism is an extensive developmental disorder that is expressed in almost all dimensions of the child’s development.

Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) makes social interaction and communication difficult, and is marked by restricted and repetitive behavior. The range and severity of symptoms can vary widely and include difficulty with communication and social interactions, obsessive interests, and repetitive behaviors. Numerous studies have shown cannabis can relieve some of the symptoms suffered by many autistic people, including seizures, restlessness, and rage attacks.

How Medical Marijuana Helps Patients with Autism?

CBD is thought to be anti-inflammatory and has the potential to treat epilepsy, autism and psychiatric disorders without intoxicating side effects. Some published research suggests cannabis can alleviate spasticity and general pain in adults. Doctors have also begun to recommend CBD for children for Tourette syndrome, epilepsy, dystonia, and seizures.

Autism in Children

Often detected during a child’s first 3 years of life, children with ASD focus on following a routine that may include normal behaviors. They may not show interest in other children and may not want to make eye contact with other people. ASD can keep a child from developing social skills. A child with ASD may struggle to interpret facial expressions or emotions in other people. 

Autistic children and teenagers might refuse or ignore requests, behave in socially inappropriate ways, like taking their clothes off in public, behave aggressively, or hurt themselves or other children.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects a child’s nervous system, growth, and development. While some children improve or recover from autism over time, the vast majority of such children still have difficulties that require therapeutic and educational support. 

How is Autism Detected?  No single medical test can diagnose ASD. Certain guidelines can help diagnose ASD in children before age 2. The goal of treatment is to maximize the child’s ability to function by reducing symptoms and supporting development and learning. 

Autism in Adults

For an autistic person not diagnosed in childhood, receiving an ASD diagnosis later in life may be helpful for many reasons. Research shows that one of the common diagnostic tests for autism in adulthood, the ADOS-2, may be fairly reliable. But a doctor needs to recognize a person’s symptoms in order to refer them to testing.  A diagnosis is important, regardless of when it is diagnosed, as it can provide better access to services and support. People who did not receive a diagnosis in their younger years may have milder symptoms, which can be more difficult to recognize. Some people may never get a diagnosis. Adults who have been living with ASD for much of their childhood (even if they didn’t know they had it) may be better at masking the signs and symptoms.

Cachexia

AKA: Wasting Syndrome

Cachexia is a condition in which a patient will undergo excessive weight loss, muscle loss and fat loss.  This condition is often secondary to another disease like Anorexia, HIV/AIDS and cancer.  Cachexia can occur in elderly patients with no known underlying causes.  The effects of cachexia include inability to concentrate, fatigue, depression and overall diminished quality of life.

How can Medical Marijuana Help Patients with Cachexia?

The primary use of Medical Marijuana in treating Cachexia is its ability to stimulate appetite, resulting in increased caloric (food) intake.  It can also reduce vomiting and nausea and improve the effects of depression.  Higher THC strains of Medical Marijuana will tend to be the best options for treating patients with Cachexia. 

Cancer

Cancer can come in many forms and is characterized by abnormal cells developing and dividing in an uncontrolled manner in the human body.  Cancer can form almost anywhere in the body.  Cancer cells are invasive and continue to divide and increase in number.  Cancer can cause many symptoms from pain to changes in weight and fatigue.  Gene mutations are the cause of cancer.  Your family history and environmental factors will affect your chances of developing cancer. While some cancers can be cured, others can be fatal. Early detection and treatment can greatly improve a patient’s survival rate.

How can Medical Marijuana Help Patients with Cancer?

Studies in 2015 and 2016 found that CBD (a major chemical compound in Medical Marijuana) demonstrated an ability to inhibit the growth of tumor cells in animals. Medical marijuana is very effective at treating symptoms of cancer including alleviating fatigue, pain, appetite loss, nausea, vomiting and anxiety.  Furthermore, a 2012 study published in PubMed showed that conventional cancer treatment combined with cannabinoids (Chemical compounds in Medical Marijuana) had a synergistic effect against cancer and tumor cells.  This means that by combining conventional treatment with Medical Marijuana, patients may benefit more than from just conventional treatment alone. 

Cerebral Palsy & Spastic Quadriplegia

Cerebral Palsy Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect a person’s ability to move and maintain balance and posture. Spastic quadriplegia is the most severe form of spastic CP and affects all four limbs, the trunk, and the face.

Cerebral Palsy Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect a person’s ability to move and maintain balance and posture. CP is the most common motor disability of childhood. Most CP disorders are often due to brain damage that occurs before or during birth. 

Spastic Quadriplegia is a rare and serious condition that affects the muscles and nervous system. It is caused by damage to the brain or spinal cord, usually occurring before or at birth. People with Spastic Quadriplegia experience spasticity, which is muscle stiffness that interferes with movement and coordination. This affects the ability to perform everyday tasks, such as walking and talking. Other symptoms may include impaired vision, hearing and speech difficulties, as well as intellectual impairments. The severity of the condition can range from mild to severe and can be life-altering for those who live with it. While some individuals may only experience mild muscle stiffness, others may be completely paralyzed and unable to move. In addition, those with the condition may also have difficulty controlling their bladder and bowels.

Signs and Symptoms of Spastic Quadriplegia
● Difficulty with walking, standing, or controlling arms and legs
● Poor balance due to muscle stiffness and poor coordination
● Hyperreflexia, which is an exaggerated reflex response to a nerve stimulus
● Spasticity, which is stiffness and tightness in the muscles
● Contractures, which are permanent tightness in some joints due to muscle spasms
● Abnormal posture or body positioning
● Difficulty controlling bladder and bowel movements
● Difficulty with speech and swallowing
● Increased sensitivity to touch, sound and light
● Seizures  
● Mental disability

How Can Medical Marijuana Help Patients with Cerebral Palsy?

Research suggests that marijuana may help reduce the symptoms associated with spastic quadriplegia, such as muscle tightness and spasms, pain, sleep disturbances, and anxiety. With integrative treatment, people with Spastic Quadriplegia can lead fulfilling lives despite their disability. Talk to our physicians at Duber Medical today to see if treatment using Medical Marijuana may be right for you or your loved one.

Chronic Pain

Pain or related symptoms lasting more than 3 months.

Any condition that results in pain, or related symptoms, that lasts more than 3 months may be considered a qualifying condition under chronic pain. The intensity of the pain as well as other symptoms resulting from the painful condition such as anxiety, depression and sleeplessness can be considered in the overall assessment by our physicians when conducting a patient interview. Furthermore, the cause of the chronic pain condition can be fairly broad and can include the following commonly encountered “head to toe” every day problems:

Headaches

Migraines, tension headaches, cluster headaches

Neck Pain

Muscle strains, herniated disks, and arthritis related conditions

Shoulder Pain

Labral tears, rotator cuff injuries, arthritis related conditions

Chest Pain

Rib and muscle injuries, chronic pain secondary to pulmonary and respiratory issues, heartburn and acid reflux

Arms/Hands

Muscle or tendon injuries, prior broken bones, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, any type of arthritis, vascular disease and Reynaud’s Syndrome/Disease.

Abdominal Pain

Inflammatory bowel disease, hernias, prior organ injuries or surgeries involving the liver, spleen or kidneys, mesenteric ischemia, Herpes Zoster and shingles

Pelvic Pain: Male

Kidney stones, Varicoceles, Prostrate related pain, testicular pain, inguinal hernias, pelvic nerve compression and SI joint pain

Pelvic Pain: Female

Menstrual cramps, Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), Endometriosis/Endometritis, Pelvic Congestion Syndrome, pain during sexual intercourse, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, pelvic nerve compression and SI joint pain

Legs

Hip and Knee pain or prior injuries, muscle or tendon strains, pulls, or tears, any broken bones, vascular pain secondary to poor circulation, Charley horse and cramps that become painful while walking or at night, restless leg syndrome

Neurological

Peripheral or diabetic neuropathy, sciatica, shingles, Lyme’s Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson’s, Epilepsy and Seizure disorders

Any Cancer or Surgical Related Pain

Any pain from cancer or surgical procedures

Foot and Ankle

Any type of tendon or bone injury, plantar fasciitis, Achilles tendon injury, bunions, ankle sprains and strains, prior foot surgeries, burning pain secondary to diabetic neuropathy

How Medical Marijuana Helps Patients with Chronic Pain

Medical Marijuana helps to control or block the pain associated with the possible causes listed above. If you have one or more of these Chronic Pain conditions, you may qualify for treatment with medical marijuana.

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Crohn’s Disease

Crohn’s Disease is a chronic inflammatory condition involving the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which can result in permanent intestinal damage. Patients suffering from this disease can become malnourished due to an inability to properly absorb nutrients, digest food and eliminate waste. Patients can experience severe chronic pain due to the inflammation in the intestinal tract.  This can cause patients to lose their appetite and feel nauseous.  Crohn’s Disease can also result in patients developing other health issues like bowel obstructions, ulcers, fistulas, anal fissures and even colon cancer.

How can Medical Marijuana Help Patients with Crohn’s Disease?

Inflammatory Bowel diseases, including Crohn’s, and the effectiveness of medical marijuana to treat symptoms has been heavily researched with very positive results.  Dr. Jeff Hergenrather, M.D. published a paper in 2005 that many called groundbreaking.  The benefits of Medical Marijuana were numerous and included weight gain, improved appetite, and reduced vomiting, fatigue and depression as well as an overall increase in physical activity. In another study, “Cannabis induces a clinical response in patients with Crohn’s disease: a prospective placebo-controlled study,” patients were given an 8-week treatment of Medical Marijuana. Amazingly, 45% of the patients experienced complete remission of their Crohn’s disease.

Epilepsy and Seizure disorders

Epilepsy is a seizure disorder – the severity of the condition can vary.

Epilepsy is a seizure disorder; the severity of the condition can vary from patient to patient.  A seizure occurs in a patient when the body experiences an abnormal electrical storm in the brain.  This electrical storm causes the individual to experience changes in consciousness and sensation.  It manifests outwardly in a number of different ways including small eye flickers on the mild end to full body convulsions on the more severe end. 

How can Medical Marijuana Help Patients with Epilepsy and Seizure disorders?

THC and CBD, cannabinoids abundant in marijuana, exert their effects on both central and peripheral nervous systems. CBD specifically has shown promise in early research studies to have anti-seizure potential.   

Glaucoma

Glaucoma is an eye disease that results in damage to the optic nerve causing vision loss.  Glaucoma can be broken down into two different types. Open-angle, which is the most common type, is caused when the drainage angle for fluid within the eye remains open.  This type of glaucoma happens over time and does not cause pain.  Peripheral vision will begin to decrease followed by central vision resulting in blindness if left untreated.  Closed-angle glaucoma can happen gradually or without warning. This type of glaucoma can cause severe pain, blurred vision, redness, dilated pupils and nausea. The risk factors include age, family history and prolonged steroid use.  Higher eye pressure has been shown to be connected to an increase in the tendency to develop glaucoma as well.  Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness.

How can Medical Marijuana Help Patients with Glaucoma?

Several studies have shown smoking marijuana can result in a decrease in eye pressure.  This is precisely the purpose of prescription medications given to those who suffer from glaucoma.  This makes medical cannabis a wonderful adjunct to traditional medicine or useful in cases where patients cannot tolerate traditional treatment.  The studies have shown the decrease in eye pressure can last on average 3 to 4 hours.  Future studies are looking at the effectiveness of edible forms to reduce eye pressures for longer durations.  Even further down the road will be research to understand what elements of medical cannabis result in the reduction of eye pressure. 

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is a viral disease that infects the liver. When an individual is infected with Hepatitis C inflammation in the liver can occur. The body’s natural response is to activate the immune system. This unfortunately leads to our own immune system attacking healthy liver cells causing further liver damage. Hep C for short, is spread from blood-to-blood contact, the sharing of drug needles, the sharing of toothbrushes, and sex. Mothers can also pass along the infection to their babies during childbirth. While symptoms are not always noticeable at first or ever, chronic Hep C can lead to depression, chronic fatigue, yellow discoloration to the skin (jaundice), fluid buildup in the abdomen, bruising easily, and dark colored urine.

How can Medical Marijuana Help Patients with Hepatitis C?

While medical marijuana cannot treat Hepatitis C, it can be used as an adjunct to other prescribed therapies to reduce the symptoms of the disease. Medical Marijuana’s ability to improve mood, reduce pain, and stimulate activity can provide you with symptom relief.

A correlation exists between the use of medical marijuana and hepatitis C symptoms. Research suggests medical marijuana has therapeutic benefits if you’re suffering from HCV. Additionally, the medicine’s side effects are typically mild and classified as “low risk,” with euphoric mood changes among the most frequent.

Scientific and anecdotal evidence tell us medical marijuana is a safe, effective medicine that helps patients with Hepatitis C endure the side effects of treatment. Marijuana can help to alleviate side effects such as aches and pains, decreased appetite and nausea.

AIDS/HIV

Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a disease that can be treated but not cured.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a disease that can be treated but not cured. The disease attacks and destroys white blood cells known as T Cells that are needed to fight other diseases and infections.  The effect is a weakening of an infected person’s immune system.  This can cause someone with HIV to suffer from a variety of symptoms and medical conditions.  The current treatment for AIDS/HIV is Antiretroviral Therapy, also known as ART.  This can help slow and in some patients stop the progression of the disease. 

How can Medical Marijuana Help patients with HIV/AIDS?

Research from the University of Washington and the University of California concluded that the cannabinoids in medical marijuana may have immunological benefit by reducing the frequency of activated T Cells.  This in turn may reduce the patient’s risk of developing illnesses that can often complicate the health of HIV/AIDS patients. 

Crohn’s Disease

Crohn’s Disease is a chronic inflammatory condition involving the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which can result in permanent intestinal damage. Patients suffering from this disease can become malnourished due to an inability to properly absorb nutrients, digest food and eliminate waste. Patients can experience severe chronic pain due to the inflammation in the intestinal tract.  This can cause patients to lose their appetite and feel nauseous.  Crohn’s Disease can also result in patients developing other health issues like bowel obstructions, ulcers, fistulas, anal fissures and even colon cancer.

How can Medical Marijuana Help Patients with Crohn’s Disease?

Inflammatory Bowel diseases, including Crohn’s, and the effectiveness of medical marijuana to treat symptoms has been heavily researched with very positive results.  Dr. Jeff Hergenrather, M.D. published a paper in 2005 that many called groundbreaking.  The benefits of Medical Marijuana were numerous and included weight gain, improved appetite, and reduced vomiting, fatigue and depression as well as an overall increase in physical activity. In another study, “Cannabis induces a clinical response in patients with Crohn’s disease: a prospective placebo-controlled study,” patients were given an 8-week treatment of Medical Marijuana. Amazingly, 45% of the patients experienced complete remission of their Crohn’s disease.

Multiple Sclerosis

A degenerative disease of the central nervous system

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system affecting the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Symptoms of MS vary in range from a single symptom to multiple symptoms and mild in intensity to severe. Symptoms can include pain, fatigue, muscle stiffness or spasms, tremors, inflammation, depression, loss of muscle coordination or bladder control.

MS is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s own immune system attacks the protective covering called myelin, that insulate nerve fibers. This myelin sheath enables the brain to communicate with the rest of the body by allowing electrical impulses to travel along the nerve fibers quickly and efficiently. When myelin is damaged, electrical impulses or communication from the brain to the body is slowed or blocked causing MS symptoms.

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How can Medical Marijuana Help Patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

Much of the data or research collected on the effects of medical marijuana on MS symptoms come from patient surveys, self-reported assessments and observational studies. Two active compounds found in medical marijuana that have been studied in the management of MS include tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD).  According to a study published in American Academy of Neurology among patients from the University of Rochester MS Center, results found majority of subjects found medical marijuana helpful in managing symptoms such as spasticity and pain.  The study also reported more than half the subjects felt their quality of life improved with the use of medical marijuana. Another promising study published in 2016 in European Neurology studied patients with treatment-resistant MS spasticity.  Real-life data from the study confirmed that adding THC:CBD oromucosal spray was an effective and well-tolerated treatment option for those patients.

Nail Patella Syndrome

Nail Patella Syndrome is multi-systemic disease that causes problems with the nails, bones and kidneys.

The symptoms of nail patella syndrome vary in severity from patient to patient, although nail abnormalities are seen in almost all individuals with the condition. The fingernails are more likely to be affected than the toenails, and the thumbnails are usually the most severely affected.

Individuals with nail patella syndrome usually suffer with poor circulation in the hands and feet. They may experience hyperextension of the joints leading to dislocations; and osteoporosis of the bones leading to fractures. Nail patella syndrome also affects the following parts of the body:

• Nails: Nails may be missing, underdeveloped, discolored, split, ridged or pitted. Thumbnails are most severely affected, with each fingernail being less severely affected from the index finger to the little finger. Toenails are usually less affected by the condition.

• Kneecaps: The kneecaps may be missing, small, irregularly shaped and easily dislocated, and can click, lock or may feel unstable or painful.

• Arms and Elbows: Some people with the condition experience limited range of motion, and are not able to fully extend their arms or turn their palms up while keeping their elbows straight. The elbows may also angle outwards, and dislocations can occur.

• Pelvis: Bony growths on the pelvic bone (visible on X-rays) are common, but don’t usually cause problems.

• Eyes: These patients are at increased risk of developing glaucoma, high fluid pressure in the eyes, which can lead to blindness.

• Kidneys: 30% to 60% of patients have renal involvement. There may be protein in the urine (an early sign of kidney problems), which can be accompanied by blood in the urine. Patients with advanced disease may require kidney transplantation.

Nail patella syndrome (NPS) is also known as Fong disease or hereditary onycho-osteodysplasia. Nail Patella syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic disease, usually caused by a fault in a gene called LMX1B that’s inherited from one parent. While it is a genetic disorder, there isn’t always an immediate family history of the disease. In some cases, an LMX1B gene mutation can occur on its own, possibly due to exposure to radiation or infection that leads to the production of faulty cells during fetal development.

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How can Medical Marijuana Help Patients with Nail Patella Syndrome?

Research has shown that compounds within marijuana have anti-inflammatory properties and analgesic effects, which can help alleviate the knee and joint pain common in the disease. In addition, because of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, cannabis has emerged as an effective alternative treatment for the management of glaucoma. Patients with nail-patella syndrome can also experience depression and anxiety. There is evidence that CBD dominant strains of cannabis can assist with managing anxiety in patients with chronic diseases, and carry fewer bothersome and damaging side effects than conventionally used medications.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive-Compulsive disorder is a mental disorder in which a person experiences obsessive thoughts and responds to those thoughts with ritualistic compulsive behaviors. The causes of obsessive- compulsive disorder, or OCD, are not fully known, but may be linked to genetic, environmental, or neurological factors. Research suggests that OCD does run in families, and frequently manifests in teens or young adults. An internal or external stressor may trigger OCD such as an illness, or an event which causes severe anxiety such as a car accident or being victimized.

As the name suggests, the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder are two-fold:

• Obsessions: Obsessions are recurrent and persistent thoughts, ideas, or sensations that cause distressing emotions such as anxiety, fear or disgust. These intrusive thoughts are recurrent.

Many people with OCD recognize that these are a product of their mind and that they are excessive or unreasonable. These thoughts feel outside of their control, so logic or reasoning alone is not effective in helping these individuals battle these obsessions.

• Compulsions: Compulsions are repetitive behaviors that a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsessive thought. These irresistible urges to perform an action typically prevent or reduce a person’s distress related to an obsessive thought temporarily, but must be repeated after the anxiety or compulsion returns.

OCD and Cannabis

A growing body of clinical research has shown that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a role in anxiety, fear, and repetitive behaviors so it could be a potential target for the treatment of OCD symptoms. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) of the brain, which controls homeostasis in the body, is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of OCD. The CB1 cannabinoid receptors in the brain vastly outnumber many other receptor types. CB1 receptors also control the activity of many neurotransmitters which attach to receptors and trigger an action. To stimulate these receptors, our bodies produce molecules called endocannabinoids, which have a structural similarity to molecules in the cannabis plant. Utilizing medical marijuana to activate those CB1 receptors in the endocannabinoid system, and modulate the activity of the serotonin neurotransmitter, may be effective at regulating anxiety, which is a common symptom of OCD.

Parkinson’s Disease

A disorder of the nervous system that affects movement.

Parkinson’s disease is a disorder of the nervous system that affects movement. This progressive movement disorder can start in one limb or one side of the body and may worsen and spread to the other side.  The first sign of Parkinson’s disease is often a tremor or involuntary shaking of a hand.  Other common symptoms include stiffness or rigidity of muscles, slowness of movement, poor coordination, difficulty with speech and sleep.  

One cause of Parkinson’s disease is a loss of nerve cells in a specific part of the brain.  Those nerve cells, or neurons, produce chemical messengers called dopamine that help regulate movement.  Dopamine is essential to movement as well as coordination, cognition, attention, motivation, and pleasure.  Without enough dopamine, it becomes more difficult to start and maintain movement, learn, or sleep.

How can Medical Marijuana Help patients with Parkinson’s Disease?

While there is no cure for Parkinson’s disease, our goal is the management of symptoms and an improvement in quality of life. The effects of medical marijuana in specific parts of the brain and its interaction with dopamine and different receptors is quite complex but its use in Parkinson’s patients has been suggested to help with motor and non-motor symptoms.  Patients have reported improvement of tremors, better sleep, the ability to move easier with less muscle stiffness, pain relief and reduced anxiety.

Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome

A mental health disorder that develops after you experience a traumatic, life-threatening, or highly stressful event.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health disorder that develops after you experience a traumatic, life-threatening, or highly stressful event.  Examples include sexual assault, war, death of someone close, or a natural disaster.  This is an anxiety disorder that can make it difficult to function to have a “normal” life.  It can last from months to years effecting social relationships, the ability to work and carry out daily tasks like going to the grocery store.  Common symptoms include overwhelming feelings of fear, sadness, anger, hopelessness, or irritability, nightmares, negative outbursts, and being on guard. 

In PTSD, the part of the brain responsible for the “flight-or-fight” response, called the amygdala, becomes overactive. Its job is to heighten our senses to be ready to act during perceived threat.  Another part of the brain that assesses the threat and brings the “flight-or-fight” response down when there is no actual threat is called the prefrontal cortex, and it becomes under-active.

How can Medical Marijuana Help patients with PTSD?

Many patients have reported medical marijuana to help in PTSD. According to an article published by Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute at University of Washington, anecdotal and case-reports showed evidence marijuana decreased flashbacks, nightmares, anxiety and hyperarousal in PTSD.  A recent trial showed canniboids, an active compound found in medical marijuana, lowered the amygdala’s response and increased the prefrontal cortex response to threat.  Other research has noted participants re-experienced the trauma decreased and had less avoidance of situations that reminded them of the trauma.  These continued reports make medical marijuana an effective treatment for PTSD.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive, inflammatory autoimmune disease which predominantly affects the joints of the body.

The immune system is designed to protect the body from pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. However, in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), the immune system mistakes healthy cells in the synovium of the joints as a foreign pathogen, and begins attacking the normal joint tissue; hence the term “auto-immune”. The synovium of the joints is the capsule that surrounds the joint which produces synovial fluid. Synovial fluid is the lubricating
fluid found in healthy joints.

The main symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis are joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and diminished range of motion. RA inhibits the production of synovial fluid within the synovium of the joint causing severe inflammation. Over time, the inflammation can cause long term damage in the joints. The subsequent cartilage and bone loss leads to deformity, limited mobility, and chronic pain. Patients with RA can also experience fatigue, fever, and depression associated with severe pain and loss of mobility. Rheumatoid arthritis typically affects the joints symmetrically. The most common joints affected by RA are the joints of the hands, wrists, knees, and feet; but RA is also systemic and can attack skin, lungs, and heart.

Long-Term Damage Related to Rheumatoid Arthritis
If rheumatoid arthritis is not treated early or is not well controlled, the inflammation in the joints could lead to significant and permanent damage. According to the CDC, the common complications of RA include:

• Premature Heart Disease: People with RA are at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease which affects the heart or blood vessels, and includes life-threatening problems such as heart attack and stroke.
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: CT syndrome is a common condition in people with rheumatoid arthritis. It is caused by compression of the median nerve that controls sensation and movement in the hands. The symptoms include aching, numbness, as well as tingling in the thumbs, fingers or part of the hand.
• Systemic Inflammation: Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory condition which can cause inflammation to develop in other parts of the body, such as the:
  -Lungs – inflammation of the lungs can lead to pulmonary fibrosis and interstitial lung disease
  -Heart – inflammation of the tissue around the heart can lead to pericarditis
  -Eyes – inflammation of the eyes can lead to scleritis or Sjögren’s syndrome
  -Blood vessels – inflammation of the blood vessels, known as vasculitis, is the thickening, weakening, narrowing and scarring of blood vessel walls. In serious cases, it can affect blood flow to your body’s organs and tissues and can be life threatening.
• Cervical Myelopathy: Individuals with advanced RA are at increased risk of developing involvement at the top of spine known as cervical myelopathy. This condition leads to dislocation of joints at the top of the spine, which puts pressure on the spinal cord. Although uncommon, it’s a serious condition that can greatly affect mobility and lead to permanent spinal cord damage if not treated quickly with surgery.

How Can Medical Marijuana Help Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Medical Marijuana is a useful tool in the medical management of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Numerous studies reveal that cannabinoids may be beneficial in the management of pain and inflammation associated with RA. Marijuana produces anti-inflammatory effects by activating CB 2 cannabinoid receptors which decrease cytokine production and modulates immune cell mobilization. Marijuana may also be useful in treating the depression and anxiety frequently experienced by patients with RA.

Sickle Cell Anemia

A genetic blood disorder that affects the shape of red blood cells and their ability to carry adequate oxygen to the rest of the body.

Sickle cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder that affects the shape of red blood cells and their ability to carry adequate oxygen to the rest of the body.  With sickle cell anemia, red blood cells die easily, become moon shaped and get stuck in blood vessels instead of having a round shape, flowing freely and living long.  As the name suggests, the disorder is characterized by anemia and severe fatigue. Another major symptom are episodes of pain, called pain crisis, lasting from hours to weeks intense enough to require a hospital stay. This pain
often starts from infancy and increases in severity as a patient ages, and can lead to recurring hospitalization,
reduced quality of life, depression, and disability. The episodes of pain can increase especially
during times of stress, infection, and dehydration.

How can Medical Marijuana Help Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia?

Research suggests that medical marijuana may be a useful tool in managing pain while reducing the use of opioids frequently prescribed to patients with SCD. A recent survey taken by Yale New Haven Hospital and Yale University found many sickle cell patients use marijuana for its medicinal benefits.  A 2020 study done at the University of California published in Science Daily found that participants using cannabis reported less pain than participants that were not given cannabis.   That study also found that cannabis appears to be safe and potentially effective in treating chronic pain.  Another study published in the American Society of Hematology, also done in 2020, showed lower rates of hospital admissions with patients taking medical marijuana.  These recent studies of the positive effects of medical marijuana on sickle cell patients is now gaining speed as patients report reduced pain.

Patients utilizing medical marijuana have also reported improved mood as well as a reduction in anxiety, commonly associated with sickle cell disease. At the right dose, medical marijuana has been shown to regulate the GABA and the glutamate neurotransmitters which affect serotonin levels thereby reducing anxiety. Sickle Cell Disease is a life-long battle.

Spinal Cord Disease or Injury

A fairly broad term used for any disease or damage that effects the spinal cord

Spinal cord disease or injury is a fairly broad term used for any disease or damage that effects the spinal cord.  Extending from the neck to lower back, it is full of nerves responsible for movement and sensation.  Symptoms related to the spinal cord can vary greatly and may include pain, altered sensation, numbness, muscle weakness, or muscle spasms.  Damage to the nerve fibers can affect movement in your arms or legs, bladder control, sexual function, even the ability to breath.

How can Medical Marijuana Help patients with Spinal Cord Disease or Injury?

A positive link between marijuana and the management of symptoms related to spinal cord injury has been known for years.  In 2014, the Spinal Cord Injury Wellness Summit spoke of how well medical marijuana works for nerve pain and muscle spasticity.  It can also enhance the effects of other anti-spasticity medications you may also be taking.  Studies throughout the years have found cannabis extract to give significant pain relief and improvement in bladder control with minor side effects.  Recent studies also show promise in cannabis potentially improving recovery after a spinal cord injury as well as easing symptoms related to the injury. 

Tourette’s Syndrome

Tourette Syndrome is a neurological disorder. While the exact cause is unknown t is most likely the result of genetic and environmental factors. The neurotransmitter chemicals, dopamine and serotonin play a role. The symptoms of Tourette syndrome include simple and complex “tics, both motor and vocal in nature. Simple motor tics include excessive eye blinking, head jerking, shoulder shrugging, eye darting, nose twitching, mouth movements. Simple vocal tics include grunting, coughing, throat clearing and barking. Complex motor tics include touching objects, smelling objects, walking in a certain pattern, obscene gesturing, jumping and twisting and bending. More complex tics include repeating words or phrases and using vulgar language. These tics appear involuntary and can increase in severity when individuals are stressed, excited or tired. Males are 3 times more likely than women to suffer from Tourette Syndrome.

How can Medical Marijuana Help Patients with Tourette’s Syndrome?

Medical marijuana has two primary chemical components: Delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD). Medical marijuana and cannabis-based medications that include THC and cannabis extracts have been reported to reduce symptoms of Tourette Syndrome in small scientific studies, patient reports, and anecdotal case reports. They are currently used to treat adult patients in Germany, Israel and Canada. There is insufficient data to support that CBD, without the addition of THC, is an effective treatment for Tourette Syndrome. The symptoms that can be improved through the use of medical marijuana are tics, insomnia, anxiety, obsessive compulsive behavior and anger.

Ulcerative Colitis

A type of irritable bowel disease that causes inflammation and ulcers in the large intestine.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of irritable bowel disease that causes inflammation and ulcers in the large intestine. There is no exact known cause but some factors that may play a role include your own immune reacting abnormally in the intestine, genes, and environment. The main symptom is diarrhea that may contain blood or pus. Other symptoms are abdominal pain, sudden urge to have bowel movements, feeling tired, anemia, weight loss, or fever. Symptoms can come and go for life and flare ups of these symptoms can range from days to months.

How can Medical Marijuana Help patients with Ulcerative Colitis?

Little research has been done with medical marijuana and its effect on irritable bowel disease, but many patients have reported increased relief of their symptoms.  Canniboids, the compounds found in medical marijuana, have been found to suppress the inflammatory response.  Another compound found in medical marijuana called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or THC, has also been shown to help increase appetite and reduce nausea.  A study done on Crohn’s Disease which is another type of inflammatory bowel disease, found significant improvement in after treatment with cannabis.  The need to take other medications decreased greatly.